Robotics Tutorials
All tutorials
39 free tutorials, in the order we recommend reading them.
Robotics Tutorial · Robotics Foundations
What is Robotics? A Beginner's Guide to How Robots Work
What is robotics? Learn the sense–think–act loop, the five parts of every robot, robot types and uses, and run a Python robot loop simulation.
Types of Robots: Classification, Examples and Real-World Uses
Learn the main types of robots: articulated, SCARA, Cartesian and delta arms, wheeled, legged and aerial robots, with their uses and runnable Python examples.
Components of a Robot: Parts, Functions and How They Connect
Understand the components of a robot: chassis, motors, drivers, sensors, controller, battery and wiring, plus Python to size the battery and motor torque.
Robotics Programming Languages: C++, Python and What to Learn
Which robotics programming languages matter? See where C++, Python, MicroPython, ROS 2 and industrial robot languages run, with code and a learning path.
Arduino vs ESP32 vs Raspberry Pi: Which Board for Your Robot?
Arduino vs ESP32 vs Raspberry Pi compared: CPU, RAM, GPIO, ADC, Wi-Fi and power, when to pick each one, plus Arduino, MicroPython and Raspberry Pi code.
Robotics Tutorial · Sensors and Control
Robot Sensors and Actuators: Motors, PWM and Filtering Explained
Robot sensors and actuators explained: ultrasonic, IR, IMU, encoders, DC motors, servos, H-bridge drivers, PWM and noise filters, with Python demos.
Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino: HC-SR04 Wiring and Code
Wire an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to Arduino or ESP32, read distance with pulseIn, and improve accuracy with temperature correction and a median filter.
Servo Motor with Arduino: SG90 Wiring, Code and Smooth Motion
Control a servo motor with Arduino: how pulse width sets the angle, SG90 wiring and power, Servo library code, smooth motion and torque checks for robot arms.
Stepper Motors and Drivers: A4988, ULN2003 and Arduino Code
Learn how stepper motors work, wire a 28BYJ-48 with ULN2003 or a NEMA 17 with A4988, set the current limit, use microstepping and add acceleration in code.
PID Control Explained: Tuning P, I and D for Robot Motors
PID control explained with a shower analogy, block diagram and Python motor simulation: what P, I and D do, tuning steps, windup and derivative kick.
Wheel Encoders and Odometry: Track a Robot's Position in Code
Learn how wheel encoders and quadrature decoding work, read them with Arduino interrupts, and compute differential drive odometry in Python, including drift.
IMU Sensor Fusion: Accelerometer, Gyroscope and Filters in Python
Learn IMU sensor fusion: get tilt from an accelerometer, calibrate gyro drift, tune a complementary filter and read an MPU-6050 on Arduino, with Python code.
Kalman Filter Explained: Step-by-Step Python Simulation
The Kalman filter explained with a robot example: predict and update steps, the Kalman gain, a numpy position-velocity tracker and how to tune Q and R.
Robotics Tutorial · Robot Kinematics and Navigation
Robot Kinematics: Forward and Inverse Kinematics in Python
Robot kinematics for beginners: forward kinematics of a 2-link arm, transformation matrices, inverse kinematics with the law of cosines and Jacobian IK.
Differential Drive Robot: Kinematics, Turning and Python Code
How a differential drive robot moves: turning radius, forward and inverse kinematics, wheel speed limits, a go-to-goal controller in Python and ROS 2 cmd_vel.
A* Path Planning vs Dijkstra: Grid Robot Navigation in Python
Learn robot path planning with A* and Dijkstra: occupancy grids, f = g + h, heuristics, step-by-step Python traces and how Nav2 plans routes in ROS 2.
Robot Localisation and SLAM Explained with Python Simulations
Understand robot localisation and SLAM: particle filters, loop closure, pose graphs and occupancy grids in Python, plus slam_toolbox and AMCL in ROS 2.
Robot Projects · Build and Program Robots
Obstacle Avoiding Robot Project with Arduino and HC-SR04
Build an obstacle avoiding robot with Arduino, HC-SR04 and L298N: parts list, wiring, a state-machine sketch, a Python simulation and debugging tips.
Line Follower Robot Project: Arduino, IR Sensors and PD Control
Build a line follower robot with Arduino, five IR sensors and a TB6612FNG: wiring, calibration, a PD control sketch and a Python sim for tuning Kp and Kd.
Bluetooth Controlled Robot with Arduino and HC-05: Full Build
Build a Bluetooth controlled robot with Arduino, HC-05 and L298N: safe wiring, a phone command protocol, a failsafe stop and a Python test of the parser.
ESP32 Wi-Fi Robot: Control a Robot Car from Your Phone Browser
Build an ESP32 Wi-Fi robot driven from any phone browser: soft AP web server, TB6612FNG wiring, core 3.x PWM code, a failsafe and timeout tuning in Python.
Robotic Arm Project: Build a 4-DOF Servo Arm with Arduino
Build a 4-DOF robotic arm with Arduino, PCA9685 and servos: wiring, safe joint limits, teach-and-playback code and inverse kinematics in Python.
Raspberry Pi Camera Projects: Picamera2 Timelapse and Motion
Raspberry Pi camera projects with Picamera2: set up Camera Module 3, build a timelapse, a motion-detecting camera and a robot dashcam, with numpy demos.
Computer Vision for Robots with OpenCV: Build a Ball Follower
Learn computer vision for robots with OpenCV: HSV colour masks, contours and centroids, a Raspberry Pi ball-following robot, and ArUco markers for docking.
ROS 2 Tutorial · ROS 2
ROS 2 Basics: Nodes, Topics, Services and Launch Files
ROS 2 basics for beginners: nodes, topics, publishers, subscribers, services, messages and launch files, with rclpy code, CLI commands and a Python demo.
Install ROS 2 Jazzy on Ubuntu 24.04 and Set Up a Workspace
Install ROS 2 Jazzy on Ubuntu 24.04 step by step, pick the right 2026 distro, then build a colcon workspace and understand underlays, overlays and rosdep.
URDF in ROS 2: Describe a Robot Model with Links and Joints
Learn URDF in ROS 2 Jazzy: links, joints, origins and inertia, a xacro model of a two-wheel robot, robot_state_publisher, RViz and numpy transform maths.
Gazebo Simulation with ROS 2: Spawn and Drive a Robot in gz sim
Simulate a robot in Gazebo Harmonic with ROS 2 Jazzy: gz sim, DiffDrive and lidar plugins, ros_gz_bridge topics, spawning from URDF and use_sim_time.
ROS 2 Navigation with Nav2: Costmaps, Planners and Controllers
How Nav2 navigates a robot in ROS 2 Jazzy: servers, behaviour trees, costmap inflation, planners, controllers, nav2_params.yaml and Python goal sending.
Edge AI and IoT · Edge AI and TinyML
Edge AI Explained: TinyML, Quantisation and Robotics Careers
Edge AI explained: TinyML, cloud vs edge, devices, pruning, distillation and int8 quantisation with numpy, LiteRT and ONNX code, and a career roadmap.
TinyML Explained: Machine Learning on Microcontrollers
TinyML explained: how ML models run on microcontrollers, with a battery budget, a numpy vibration anomaly classifier and LiteRT for Microcontrollers code.
Edge AI Hardware: MCUs, NPUs, GPUs and FPGAs Compared
Compare edge AI hardware for robots: MCUs, micro-NPUs, Raspberry Pi with NPU, Jetson and FPGAs. Estimate latency from TOPS and check memory limits in Python.
Model Quantisation for Edge AI: Int8, Pruning and Distillation
Model quantisation for edge AI: zero points, calibration, int8-only maths, PTQ vs QAT, structured pruning and distillation, with numpy demos and LiteRT code.
Edge-Cloud Robotics: What Runs on the Robot vs the Cloud
Edge-cloud robotics explained: split robot software by deadline, bandwidth and privacy, plan for network outages, and try a latency planner and FedAvg demo.
Embodied AI Explained: Robot Foundation Models and VLAs
Embodied AI explained: how vision-language-action models and robot foundation models work, why they predict action chunks, and which ones fit edge boards.
Edge AI and IoT · IoT for Robotics
IoT Basics for Robotics: Layers, Radios and Message Design
IoT basics for robotics: the four IoT layers, Wi-Fi vs BLE vs LoRaWAN, compact payloads, report-by-exception and an ESP32 deep-sleep node, with Python demos.
MQTT Protocol Explained: Topics, QoS and Python Examples
MQTT protocol explained for robots: brokers, topics and wildcards, QoS 0, 1 and 2, retained messages and Last Will, with a Python mini broker and ESP32 code.
Edge AI and IoT · Robotics Career
Robotics Projects for Beginners: 12 Ideas from Easy to Advanced
Robotics projects for beginners: 12 ideas from a smart dustbin to a TinyML robot, with parts, skills, a power budget, a maze solver and portfolio tips.
Robotics Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers (2026)
Robotics interview questions for freshers with answers: kinematics, PWM, I2C vs SPI, PID windup, ROS 2, edge AI, plus PID and odometry coding exercises.